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Central Intelligence Agency
The Work of a Nation. The Center of Intelligence
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| page last updated on October 22, 2012 |
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(CONTAINS DESCRIPTION)
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Shortly after achieving independence from Britain in the early 1960s, Tanganyika and Zanzibar merged to form the nation of Tanzania in 1964. One-party rule ended in 1995 with the first democratic elections held in the country since the 1970s. Zanzibar's semi-autonomous status and popular opposition have led to two contentious elections since 1995, which the ruling party won despite international observers' claims of voting irregularities. The formation of a government of national unity between Zanzibar's two leading parties succeeded in minimizing electoral tension in 2010.
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Eastern Africa, bordering the Indian Ocean, between Kenya and Mozambique
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6 00 S, 35 00 E
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total: 947,300 sq km
country comparison to the world: 31
land:
885,800 sq km
water:
61,500 sq km
note:
includes the islands of Mafia, Pemba, and Zanzibar
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slightly larger than twice the size of California
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total: 3,861 km
border countries:
Burundi 451 km, Democratic Republic of the Congo 459 km, Kenya 769 km, Malawi 475 km, Mozambique 756 km, Rwanda 217 km, Uganda 396 km, Zambia 338 km
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1,424 km
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territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive economic zone:
200 nm
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varies from tropical along coast to temperate in highlands
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plains along coast; central plateau; highlands in north, south
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lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m
highest point:
Kilimanjaro 5,895 m
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hydropower, tin, phosphates, iron ore, coal, diamonds, gemstones, gold, natural gas, nickel
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arable land: 4.23%
permanent crops:
1.16%
other:
94.61% (2005)
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1,840 sq km (2003)
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91 cu km (2001)
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total: 5.18 cu km/yr (10%/0%/89%)
per capita:
135 cu m/yr (2000)
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flooding on the central plateau during the rainy season; drought
volcanism:
limited volcanic activity; Ol Doinyo Lengai (elev. 2,962 m) has emitted lava in recent years; other historically active volcanoes include Kieyo and Meru
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soil degradation; deforestation; desertification; destruction of coral reefs threatens marine habitats; recent droughts affected marginal agriculture; wildlife threatened by illegal hunting and trade, especially for ivory
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party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified:
none of the selected agreements
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Kilimanjaro is the highest point in Africa and one of only two mountains on the continent that has glaciers (the other is Mount Kenya); bordered by three of the largest lakes on the continent: Lake Victoria (the world's second-largest freshwater lake) in the north, Lake Tanganyika (the world's second deepest) in the west, and Lake Nyasa (Lake Malawi) in the southwest
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noun: Tanzanian(s)
adjective:
Tanzanian
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mainland - African 99% (of which 95% are Bantu consisting of more than 130 tribes), other 1% (consisting of Asian, European, and Arab); Zanzibar - Arab, African, mixed Arab and African
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Kiswahili or Swahili (official), Kiunguja (name for Swahili in Zanzibar), English (official, primary language of commerce, administration, and higher education), Arabic (widely spoken in Zanzibar), many local languages
note:
Kiswahili (Swahili) is the mother tongue of the Bantu people living in Zanzibar and nearby coastal Tanzania; although Kiswahili is Bantu in structure and origin, its vocabulary draws on a variety of sources including Arabic and English; it has become the lingua franca of central and eastern Africa; the first language of most people is one of the local languages
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mainland - Christian 30%, Muslim 35%, indigenous beliefs 35%; Zanzibar - more than 99% Muslim
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46,912,768 (July 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 28
note:
estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, higher death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected
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0-14 years: 45% (male 10,646,436/ female 10,461,674)
15-64 years:
52.1% (male 12,110,684/ female 12,329,951)
65 years and over:
2.9% (male 590,927/ female 773,096) (2012 est.)
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total: 18.7 years
male:
18.5 years
female:
19 years (2012 est.)
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1.96% (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 55
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31.81 births/1,000 population (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 38
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11.92 deaths/1,000 population (July 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 31
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-0.29 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 128
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urban population: 26% of total population (2010)
rate of urbanization:
4.7% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)
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DAR ES SALAAM (capital) 3.207 million (2009)
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at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years:
1.01 male(s)/female
15-64 years:
0.98 male(s)/female
65 years and over:
0.75 male(s)/female
total population:
0.98 male(s)/female (2011 est.)
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460 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)
country comparison to the world: 23
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total: 65.74 deaths/1,000 live births
country comparison to the world: 22
male:
72.42 deaths/1,000 live births
female:
58.87 deaths/1,000 live births (2012 est.)
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total population: 53.14 years
country comparison to the world: 206
male:
51.62 years
female:
54.7 years (2012 est.)
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5.08 children born/woman (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 18
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5.1% of GDP (2009)
country comparison to the world: 136
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0.008 physicians/1,000 population (2006)
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1.1 beds/1,000 population (2006)
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5.6% (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 12
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1.4 million (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 6
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86,000 (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 4
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degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases:
bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases:
malaria and plague
water contact disease:
schistosomiasis
animal contact disease:
rabies (2009)
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16.7% (2005)
country comparison to the world: 45
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6.8% of GDP (2008)
country comparison to the world: 18
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definition: age 15 and over can read and write Kiswahili (Swahili), English, or Arabic
total population:
69.4%
male:
77.5%
female:
62.2% (2002 census)
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total: 9 years
male:
9 years
female:
9 years (2007)
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total: 8.8%
country comparison to the world: 111
male:
7.4%
female:
10.1% (2005)
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conventional long form: United Republic of Tanzania
conventional short form:
Tanzania
local long form:
Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania
local short form:
Tanzania
former:
United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar
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republic
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name: Dar es Salaam
geographic coordinates:
6 48 S, 39 17 E
time difference:
UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)
note:
legislative offices have been transferred to Dodoma, which is planned as the new national capital, and the National Assembly now meets there on a regular basis; the Executive Branch with all ministries and diplomatic representation remains located in Dar es Salaam
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26 regions; Arusha, Dar es Salaam, Dodoma, Iringa, Kagera, Kigoma, Kilimanjaro, Lindi, Manyara, Mara, Mbeya, Morogoro, Mtwara, Mwanza, Pemba North, Pemba South, Pwani, Rukwa, Ruvuma, Shinyanga, Singida, Tabora, Tanga, Zanzibar Central/South, Zanzibar North, Zanzibar Urban/West
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26 April 1964; Tanganyika became independent on 9 December 1961 (from UK-administered UN trusteeship); Zanzibar became independent on 19 December 1963 (from UK); Tanganyika united with Zanzibar on 26 April 1964 to form the United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar; renamed United Republic of Tanzania on 29 October 1964
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Union Day (Tanganyika and Zanzibar), 26 April (1964)
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25 April 1977; major revisions October 1984
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English common law; judicial review of legislative acts limited to matters of interpretation
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has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction
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18 years of age; universal
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chief of state: President Jakaya KIKWETE (since 21 December 2005); Vice President Mohammed Gharib BILAL (since 6 November 2010); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government
head of government:
President Jakaya KIKWETE (since 21 December 2005); Vice President Mohammed Gharib BILAL (since 6 November 2010)
note:
Zanzibar elects a president who is head of government for matters internal to Zanzibar; Ali Mohamed SHEIN elected to that office on 31 October 2010, sworn in 3 November 2010
cabinet:
Cabinet appointed by the president from among the members of the National Assembly
(For more information visit the World Leaders website )
elections:
president and vice president elected on the same ballot by popular vote for five-year terms (eligible for a second term); election last held on 31 October 2010 (next to be held in 2015); prime minister appointed by the president
election results:
Jakaya KIKWETE elected president; percent of vote - Jakaya KIKWETE 61.2%, Willibrod SLAA 26.3%, Ibrahim LIPUMBA 8.1%, other 4.4%
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unicameral National Assembly or Bunge (357 seats; 239 members elected by popular vote, 102 allocated to women nominated by the president, 5 to members of the Zanzibar House of Representatives; members serve five-year terms, up to 10 additional members appointed by the president, 1 seat reserved for the Attorney General); note - in addition to enacting laws that apply to the entire United Republic of Tanzania, the Assembly enacts laws that apply only to the mainland; Zanzibar has its own House of Representatives with jurisdiction exclusive to Zanzibar (the Zanzibar House of Representatives has 50 seats; members elected by universal suffrage to serve five-year terms)
elections:
last held on 31 October 2010 (next to be held in 2015)
election results:
National Assembly - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - CCM 259, CHADEMA 48, CUF 34, NCCR-M 4, other 7, Zanzibar representatives 5; Zanzibar House of Representatives - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - CCM 28, CUF 22
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Permanent Commission of Enquiry (official ombudsman); Court of Appeal (consists of a chief justice and four judges); High Court (consists of a Jaji Kiongozi and 29 judges appointed by the president; holds regular sessions in all regions); District Courts; Primary Courts (limited jurisdiction and appeals can be made to the higher courts)
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Chama Cha Demokrasia na Maendeleo (Party of Democracy and Development) or CHADEMA [Willibrod SLAA]; Chama Cha Mapinduzi or CCM (Revolutionary Party) [Jakaya Mrisho KIKWETE]; Civic United Front or CUF [Ibrahim LIPUMBA]; Democratic Party [Christopher MTIKLA] (unregistered); National Convention for Construction and Reform - Mageuzi [Hashim RUNGWE]; Tanzania Labor Party or TLP [Mutamwega MUGAHWYA]; United Democratic Party or UDP [Fahma DOVUTWA]
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Economic and Social Research Foundation or ESRF; Free Zanzibar; Tanzania Media Women's Association or TAMWA
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ACP, AfDB, AU, C, EAC, EADB, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, MONUSCO, NAM, OPCW, SADC, UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNMISS, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
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chief of mission: Ambassador Mwandaidi Sinare MAAJAR
chancery:
1232 22nd Street NW, Washington, DC 20037
telephone:
[1] (202) 939-6125
FAX:
[1] (202) 797-7408
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chief of mission: Ambassador Alfonso E. LENHARDT
embassy:
686 Old Bagamoyo Road, Msasani, Dar es Salaam
mailing address:
P. O. Box 9123, Dar es Salaam
telephone:
[255] (22) 266-8001
FAX:
[255] (22) 266-8238, 266-8373
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divided diagonally by a yellow-edged black band from the lower hoist-side corner; the upper triangle (hoist side) is green and the lower triangle is blue; the banner combines colors found on the flags of Tanganyika and Zanzibar; green represents the natural vegetation of the country, gold its rich mineral deposits, black the native Swahili people, and blue the country's many lakes and rivers, as well as the Indian Ocean
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Uhuru (Freedom) torch
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name: "Mungu ibariki Afrika" (God Bless Africa)
lyrics/music:
collective/Enoch Mankayi SONTONGA
note:
adopted 1961; the anthem, which is also a popular song in Africa, shares the same melody with that of Zambia, but has different lyrics; the melody is also incorporated into South Africa's anthem
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Tanzania is one of the world's poorest economies in terms of per capita income, however, Tanzania averaged 7% GDP growth per year between 2000 and 2008 on strong gold production and tourism. The economy depends heavily on agriculture, which accounts for more than one-quarter of GDP, provides 85% of exports, and employs about 80% of the work force. The World Bank, the IMF, and bilateral donors have provided funds to rehabilitate Tanzania's aging economic infrastructure, including rail and port infrastructure that are important trade links for inland countries. Recent banking reforms have helped increase private-sector growth and investment, and the government has increased spending on agriculture to 7% of its budget. Continued donor assistance and solid macroeconomic policies supported a positive growth rate, despite the world recession. In 2008, Tanzania received the world's largest Millennium Challenge Compact grant, worth $698 million. Dar es Salaam used fiscal stimulus and loosened monetary policy to ease the impact of the global recession. GDP growth in 2009-11 was a respectable 6% per year due to high gold prices and increased production.
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$64.71 billion (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 85
$60.66 billion (2010 est.)
$56.94 billion (2009 est.)
note:
data are in 2011 US dollars
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$23.33 billion (2011 est.)
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6.7% (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 35
6.5% (2010 est.)
6.7% (2009 est.)
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$1,500 (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 200
$1,500 (2010 est.)
$1,400 (2009 est.)
note:
data are in 2011 US dollars
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agriculture: 27.8%
industry:
24.2%
services:
48% (2011 est.)
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24.06 million (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 27
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agriculture: 80%
industry and services:
20% (2002 est.)
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NA%
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36% (2002 est.)
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lowest 10%: 2.8%
highest 10%:
29.6% (2007)
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37.6 (2007)
country comparison to the world: 76
34.6 (2000)
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26.1% of GDP (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 36
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revenues: $4.603 billion
expenditures:
$6.125 billion (2011 est.)
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19.7% of GDP (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 164
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-6.5% of GDP (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 178
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36.1% of GDP (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 91
35% of GDP (2010 est.)
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12.7% (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 203
7.2% (2010 est.)
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8.25% (31 December 2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 94
3.7% (31 December 2009 est.)
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14.96% (31 December 2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 45
14.55% (31 December 2010 est.)
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$4.964 billion (31 December 2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 99
$3.223 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
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$8.285 billion (31 December 2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 112
$7.528 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
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$5.077 billion (31 December 2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 115
$4.647 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
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$1.539 billion (31 December 2011)
country comparison to the world: 104
$1.264 billion (31 December 2010)
$1.293 billion (31 December 2008)
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coffee, sisal, tea, cotton, pyrethrum (insecticide made from chrysanthemums), cashew nuts, tobacco, cloves, corn, wheat, cassava (tapioca), bananas, fruits, vegetables; cattle, sheep, goats
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agricultural processing (sugar, beer, cigarettes, sisal twine); mining (diamonds, gold, and iron), salt, soda ash; cement, oil refining, shoes, apparel, wood products, fertilizer
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7% (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 41
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-$2.297 billion (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 149
-$1.978 billion (2010 est.)
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$5.433 billion (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 113
$4.297 billion (2010 est.)
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gold, coffee, cashew nuts, manufactures, cotton
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China 14.2%, India 9.9%, Japan 7.7%, Germany 6.7%, UAE 4.5% (2011)
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$8.65 billion (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 101
$7.125 billion (2010 est.)
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consumer goods, machinery and transportation equipment, industrial raw materials, crude oil
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India 19.8%, China 17%, South Africa 6.5%, Kenya 5.8%, UAE 4.6% (2011)
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$3.726 billion (31 December 2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 99
$3.905 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
note:
excludes gold
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$9.49 billion (31 December 2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 96
$8.664 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
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$NA
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$NA
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Tanzanian shillings (TZS) per US dollar -
1,572.1 (2011 est.)
1,409.3 (2010 est.)
1,320.3 (2009)
1,178.1 (2008)
1,255 (2007)
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1 July - 30 June
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4.489 billion kWh (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 121
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3.589 billion kWh (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 126
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0 kWh (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 142
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0 kWh (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 145
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957,000 kW (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 124
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39.5% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 170
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0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 192
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60.5% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 31
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0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 196
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0 bbl/day (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 197
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0 bbl/day (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 196
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0 bbl/day (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 132
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0 bbl (1 January 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 197
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0 bbl/day (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 202
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43,310 bbl/day (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 106
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0 bbl/day (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 139
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32,680 bbl/day (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 86
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780 million cu m (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 67
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780 million cu m (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 93
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0 cu m (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 69
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0 cu m (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 141
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6.513 billion cu m (1 January 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 85
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7.566 million Mt (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 109
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| Communications ::Tanzania |
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161,100 (2011)
country comparison to the world: 132
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25.666 million (2011)
country comparison to the world: 38
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general assessment: telecommunications services are marginal; system operating below capacity and being modernized for better service; small aperture terminal (VSAT) system under construction
domestic:
fixed-line telephone network inadequate with less than 1 connection per 100 persons; mobile-cellular service, aided by multiple providers, is increasing rapidly and, in 2011 exceeded a subscriber base of 50 telephones per 100 persons; trunk service provided by open-wire, microwave radio relay, tropospheric scatter, and fiber-optic cable; some links being made digital
international:
country code - 255; landing point for the EASSy fiber-optic submarine cable system linking East Africa with Europe and North America; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean, 1 Atlantic Ocean)
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a state-owned TV station and multiple privately-owned TV stations; state-owned national radio station supplemented by more than 40 privately-owned radio stations; transmissions of several international broadcasters are available (2007)
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.tz
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25,832 (2010)
country comparison to the world: 110
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678,000 (2009)
country comparison to the world: 111
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| Transportation ::Tanzania |
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106 (2012)
country comparison to the world: 52
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total: 11
over 3,047 m:
3
2,438 to 3,047 m:
2
1,524 to 2,437 m:
4
914 to 1,523 m:
2 (2012)
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total: 95
1,524 to 2,437 m:
19
914 to 1,523 m:
58
under 914 m:
18 (2012)
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gas 254 km; oil 888 km; refined products 8 km (2010)
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total: 3,689 km
country comparison to the world: 45
narrow gauge:
969 km 1.067-m gauge; 2,720 km 1.000-m gauge (2008)
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total: 91,049 km
country comparison to the world: 54
paved:
6,578 km
unpaved:
84,471 km (2007)
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(Lake Tanganyika, Lake Victoria, and Lake Nyasa (Lake Malawi) are the principal avenues of commerce with neighboring countries; the rivers are not navigable) (2011)
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total: 94
country comparison to the world: 52
by type:
bulk carrier 6, cargo 66, carrier 4, chemical tanker 1, container 1, passenger/cargo 2, petroleum tanker 10, refrigerated cargo 1, roll on/roll off 3
foreign-owned:
42 (Japan 1, Romania 1, Saudi Arabia 1, Syria 23, Turkey 13, UAE 3)
registered in other countries:
3 (Panama 2, UK 1) (2010)
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Dar es Salaam, Zanzibar
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the International Maritime Bureau reports that shipping in territorial and offshore waters in the Indian Ocean remain at risk for piracy and armed robbery against ships, especially as Somali-based pirates extend their activities south; numerous commercial vessels have been attacked and hijacked both at anchor and while underway; crews have been robbed and stores or cargoes stolen
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Tanzania People's Defense Force (Jeshi la Wananchi la Tanzania, JWTZ): Army, Naval Wing (includes Coast Guard), Air Defense Command (includes Air Wing), National Service (2007)
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18 years of age for voluntary military service (2007)
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males age 16-49: 9,985,445 (2010 est.)
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males age 16-49: 5,860,339
females age 16-49:
5,882,279 (2010 est.)
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male: 512,294
female:
514,164 (2010 est.)
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0.2% of GDP (2005 est.)
country comparison to the world: 169
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| Transnational Issues ::Tanzania |
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Tanzania still hosts more than a half million refugees, more than any other African country, mainly from Burundi and the Democratic Republic of the Congo, despite the international community's efforts at repatriation; disputes with Malawi over the boundary in Lake Nyasa (Lake Malawi) and the meandering Songwe River remain dormant
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refugees (country of origin): 60,186 (Democratic Republic of the Congo); 47,350 (Burundi) (2010)
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targeted by traffickers moving hashish, Afghan heroin, and South American cocaine transported down the East African coastline, through airports, or overland through Central Africa; Zanzibar likely used by traffickers for drug smuggling; traffickers in the past have recruited Tanzanian couriers to move drugs through Iran into East Asia
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