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Central Intelligence Agency
The Work of a Nation. The Center of Intelligence
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| page last updated on October 4, 2012 |
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(CONTAINS DESCRIPTION)
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The Indus Valley civilization, one of the world's oldest, flourished during the 3rd and 2nd millennia B.C. and extended into northwestern India. Aryan tribes from the northwest infiltrated onto the Indian subcontinent about 1500 B.C.; their merger with the earlier Dravidian inhabitants created the classical Indian culture. The Maurya Empire of the 4th and 3rd centuries B.C. - which reached its zenith under ASHOKA - united much of South Asia. The Golden Age ushered in by the Gupta dynasty (4th to 6th centuries A.D.) saw a flowering of Indian science, art, and culture. Islam spread across the subcontinent over a period of 700 years. In the 10th and 11th centuries, Turks and Afghans invaded India and established the Delhi Sultanate. In the early 16th century, the Emperor BABUR established the Mughal Dynasty which ruled India for more than three centuries. European explorers began establishing footholds in India during the 16th century. By the 19th century, Great Britain had become the dominant political power on the subcontinent. The British Indian Army played a vital role in both World Wars. Nonviolent resistance to British rule, led by Mohandas GANDHI and Jawaharlal NEHRU, eventually brought about independence in 1947. Communal violence led to the subcontinent's bloody partition, which resulted in the creation of two separate states, India and Pakistan. The two countries have fought three wars since independence, the last of which in 1971 resulted in East Pakistan becoming the separate nation of Bangladesh. India's nuclear weapons tests in 1998 caused Pakistan to conduct its own tests that same year. In November 2008, terrorists originating from Pakistan conducted a series of coordinated attacks in Mumbai, India's financial capital. In January 2011, India assumed a nonpermanent seat in the UN Security Council for the 2011-12 term. Despite pressing problems such as significant overpopulation, environmental degradation, extensive poverty, and widespread corruption, rapid economic development is fueling India's rise on the world stage.
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Southern Asia, bordering the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal, between Burma and Pakistan
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20 00 N, 77 00 E
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total: 3,287,263 sq km
country comparison to the world: 7
land:
2,973,193 sq km
water:
314,070 sq km
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slightly more than one-third the size of the US
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total: 14,103 km
border countries:
Bangladesh 4,053 km, Bhutan 605 km, Burma 1,463 km, China 3,380 km, Nepal 1,690 km, Pakistan 2,912 km
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7,000 km
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territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone:
24 nm
exclusive economic zone:
200 nm
continental shelf:
200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin
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varies from tropical monsoon in south to temperate in north
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upland plain (Deccan Plateau) in south, flat to rolling plain along the Ganges, deserts in west, Himalayas in north
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lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m
highest point:
Kanchenjunga 8,598 m
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coal (fourth-largest reserves in the world), iron ore, manganese, mica, bauxite, rare earth elements, titanium ore, chromite, natural gas, diamonds, petroleum, limestone, arable land
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arable land: 48.83%
permanent crops:
2.8%
other:
48.37% (2005)
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622,860 sq km (2003)
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1,907.8 cu km (1999)
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total: 645.84 cu km/yr (8%/5%/86%)
per capita:
585 cu m/yr (2000)
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droughts; flash floods, as well as widespread and destructive flooding from monsoonal rains; severe thunderstorms; earthquakes
volcanism:
Barren Island (elev. 354 m) in the Andaman Sea has been active in recent years
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deforestation; soil erosion; overgrazing; desertification; air pollution from industrial effluents and vehicle emissions; water pollution from raw sewage and runoff of agricultural pesticides; tap water is not potable throughout the country; huge and growing population is overstraining natural resources
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party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified:
none of the selected agreements
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dominates South Asian subcontinent; near important Indian Ocean trade routes; Kanchenjunga, third tallest mountain in the world, lies on the border with Nepal
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noun: Indian(s)
adjective:
Indian
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Indo-Aryan 72%, Dravidian 25%, Mongoloid and other 3% (2000)
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Hindi 41%, Bengali 8.1%, Telugu 7.2%, Marathi 7%, Tamil 5.9%, Urdu 5%, Gujarati 4.5%, Kannada 3.7%, Malayalam 3.2%, Oriya 3.2%, Punjabi 2.8%, Assamese 1.3%, Maithili 1.2%, other 5.9%
note:
English enjoys the status of subsidiary official language but is the most important language for national, political, and commercial communication; Hindi is the most widely spoken language and primary tongue of 41% of the people; there are 14 other official languages: Bengali, Telugu, Marathi, Tamil, Urdu, Gujarati, Malayalam, Kannada, Oriya, Punjabi, Assamese, Kashmiri, Sindhi, and Sanskrit; Hindustani is a popular variant of Hindi/Urdu spoken widely throughout northern India but is not an official language (2001 census)
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Hindu 80.5%, Muslim 13.4%, Christian 2.3%, Sikh 1.9%, other 1.8%, unspecified 0.1% (2001 census)
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1,205,073,612 (July 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 2
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0-14 years: 29.3% (male 187,386,162/ female 165,345,284)
15-64 years:
65.2% (male 406,071,850/ female 379,152,490)
65 years and over:
5.6% (male 31,892,823/ female 35,225,003) (2012 est.)
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total: 26.5 years
male:
25.9 years
female:
27.2 years (2012 est.)
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1.312% (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 88
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20.6 births/1,000 population (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 85
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7.43 deaths/1,000 population (July 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 116
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-0.05 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 117
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urban population: 30% of total population (2010)
rate of urbanization:
2.4% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)
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NEW DELHI (capital) 21.72 million; Mumbai 19.695 million; Kolkata 15.294 million; Chennai 7.416 million; Bangalore 7.079 million (2009)
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at birth: 1.12 male(s)/female
under 15 years:
1.13 male(s)/female
15-64 years:
1.07 male(s)/female
65 years and over:
0.9 male(s)/female
total population:
1.08 male(s)/female (2011 est.)
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200 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)
country comparison to the world: 54
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total: 46.07 deaths/1,000 live births
country comparison to the world: 50
male:
44.71 deaths/1,000 live births
female:
47.59 deaths/1,000 live births (2012 est.)
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total population: 67.14 years
country comparison to the world: 161
male:
66.08 years
female:
68.33 years (2012 est.)
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2.58 children born/woman (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 81
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2.4% of GDP (2009)
country comparison to the world: 185
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0.599 physicians/1,000 population (2005)
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0.9 beds/1,000 population (2005)
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0.3% (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 84
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2.4 million (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 3
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170,000 (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 3
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degree of risk: high
food or waterborne diseases:
bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A and E, and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases:
chikungunya, dengue fever, Japanese encephalitis, and malaria
animal contact disease:
rabies
water contact disease:
leptospirosis
note:
highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified in this country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare cases possible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2009)
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43.5% (2006)
country comparison to the world: 1
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3.1% of GDP (2006)
country comparison to the world: 129
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definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population:
61%
male:
73.4%
female:
47.8% (2001 census)
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total: 10 years
male:
11 years
female:
10 years (2007)
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total: 10.5%
country comparison to the world: 100
male:
10.4%
female:
10.8% (2004)
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conventional long form: Republic of India
conventional short form:
India
local long form:
Republic of India/Bharatiya Ganarajya
local short form:
India/Bharat
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federal republic
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name: New Delhi
geographic coordinates:
28 36 N, 77 12 E
time difference:
UTC+5.5 (10.5 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)
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28 states and 7 union territories*; Andaman and Nicobar Islands*, Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Chandigarh*, Chhattisgarh, Dadra and Nagar Haveli*, Daman and Diu*, Delhi*, Goa, Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Kerala, Lakshadweep*, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Odisha, Puducherry*, Punjab, Rajasthan, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, West Bengal
note:
although its status is that of a union territory, the official name of Delhi is National Capital Territory of Delhi
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15 August 1947 (from the UK)
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Republic Day, 26 January (1950)
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26 January 1950; amended many times
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common law system based on the English model; separate personal law codes apply to Muslims, Christians, and Hindus; judicial review of legislative acts
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accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; non-party state to the ICCt
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18 years of age; universal
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chief of state: President Pranab MUKHERJEE (since 22 July 2012); Vice President Mohammad Hamid ANSARI (since 11 August 2007)
head of government:
Prime Minister Manmohan SINGH (since 22 May 2004)
cabinet:
Cabinet appointed by the president on the recommendation of the prime minister
(For more information visit the World Leaders website )
elections:
president elected by an electoral college consisting of elected members of both houses of Parliament and the legislatures of the states for a five-year term (no term limits); election last held in July 2012 (next to be held in July 2017); vice president elected by both houses of Parliament for a five-year term; election last held in August 2007 (next to be held in August 2012); prime minister chosen by parliamentary members of the majority party following legislative elections; election last held April - May 2009 (next to be held no later than May 2014)
election results:
Pranab MUKHERJEE elected president; percent of vote - Pranab MUKHERJEE 69.31%, Purno SANGMA - 30.69%
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bicameral Parliament or Sansad consists of the Council of States or Rajya Sabha (a body consisting of 245 seats up to 12 of which are appointed by the president, the remainder are chosen by the elected members of the state and territorial assemblies; members serve six-year terms) and the People's Assembly or Lok Sabha (545 seats; 543 members elected by popular vote, 2 appointed by the president; members serve five-year terms)
elections:
People's Assembly - last held in five phases on 16, 22-23, 30 April and 7, 13 May 2009 (next must be held by May 2014)
election results:
People's Assembly - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - INC 206, BJP 116, SP 23, BSP 21, JD (U) 20, AITC 19, DMK 18, CPI-M 16, BJD 14, SS 11, AIADMK 9, NCP 9, other 61, vacant 2; note - seats by party as of December 2011 - INC 208, BJP 115, SP 22, BSP 21, JD(U) 20, AITC 18, DMK 18, CPI(M) 16, BJD 14, SS 14, AIADMK 9, NCP 9, TDP 6, RLD 5 other 49, vacant 1
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Supreme Court (one chief justice and 25 associate justices are appointed by the president and remain in office until they reach the age of 65 or are removed for "proved misbehavior")
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All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam or AIADMK [J. JAYALALITHAA]; All India Trinamool Congress or AITC [Mamata BANERJEE]; Bahujan Samaj Party or BSP [MAYAWATI]; Bharatiya Janata Party or BJP [Nitin GADKARI]; Biju Janata Dal or BJD [Naveen PATNAIK]; Communist Party of India or CPI [A.B. BARDHAN]; Communist Party of India-Marxist or CPI-M [Prakash KARAT]; Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam or DMK [M.KARUNANIDHI]; Indian National Congress or INC [Sonia GANDHI]; Janata Dal (United) or JD(U) [Sharad YADAV]; Nationalist Congress Party or NCP [Sharad PAWAR]; Rashtriya Janata Dal or RJD [Lalu Prasad YADAV]; Rashtriya Lok Dal or RLD [Ajit SINGH]; Samajwadi Party or SP [Mulayam Singh YADAV]; Shiromani Akali Dal or SAD [Parkash Singh BADAL]; Shiv Sena or SS [Bal THACKERAY]; Telugu Desam Party or TDP [Chandrababu NAIDU]; note - India has dozens of national and regional political parties; only parties with four or more seats in the People's Assembly are listed
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All Parties Hurriyat Conference in the Kashmir Valley (separatist group); Bajrang Dal (religious organization); India Against Corruption [Anna HAZAREI]; Jamiat Ulema-e Hind (religious organization); Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh [Mohan BHAGWAT] (religious organization); Vishwa Hindu Parishad [Ashok SINGHAL] (religious organization)
other:
numerous religious or militant/chauvinistic organizations; various separatist groups seeking greater communal and/or regional autonomy; hundreds of social reform, anti-corruption, and environmental groups at state and local level
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ABEDA, ADB, AfDB (nonregional member), ARF, ASEAN (dialogue partner), BIMSTEC, BIS, BRICS, C, CD, CERN (observer), CICA, CP, EAS, FAO, FATF, G-15, G-20, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, LAS (observer), MIGA, MONUSCO, NAM, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, PCA, PIF (partner), SAARC, SACEP, SCO (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNDOF, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNISFA, UNITAR, UNMISS, UNMIT, UNOCI, UNSC (temporary), UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
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chief of mission: Ambassador Nirupama RAO
chancery:
2107 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008; note - Consular Wing located at 2536 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone:
[1] (202) 939-7000
FAX:
[1] (202) 265-4351
consulate(s) general:
Chicago, Houston, New York, San Francisco
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chief of mission: Ambassador Nancy J. POWELL
embassy:
Shantipath, Chanakyapuri, New Delhi 110021
mailing address:
use embassy street address
telephone:
[91] (011) 2419-8000
FAX:
[91] (11) 2419-0017
consulate(s) general:
Chennai (Madras), Hyderabad; Kolkata (Calcutta), Mumbai (Bombay)
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three equal horizontal bands of saffron (subdued orange) (top), white, and green, with a blue chakra (24-spoked wheel) centered in the white band; saffron represents courage, sacrifice, and the spirit of renunciation; white signifies purity and truth; green stands for faith and fertility; the blue chakra symbolizes the wheel of life in movement and death in stagnation
note:
similar to the flag of Niger, which has a small orange disk centered in the white band
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Bengal tiger
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name: "Jana-Gana-Mana" (Thou Art the Ruler of the Minds of All People)
lyrics/music:
Rabindranath TAGORE
note:
adopted 1950; Rabindranath TAGORE, a Nobel laureate, also wrote Bangladesh's national anthem
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India is developing into an open-market economy, yet traces of its past autarkic policies remain. Economic liberalization, including industrial deregulation, privatization of state-owned enterprises, and reduced controls on foreign trade and investment, began in the early 1990s and has served to accelerate the country's growth, which has averaged more than 7% per year since 1997. India's diverse economy encompasses traditional village farming, modern agriculture, handicrafts, a wide range of modern industries, and a multitude of services. Slightly more than half of the work force is in agriculture, but services are the major source of economic growth, accounting for more than half of India's output, with only one-third of its labor force. India has capitalized on its large educated English-speaking population to become a major exporter of information technology services and software workers. In 2010, the Indian economy rebounded robustly from the global financial crisis - in large part because of strong domestic demand - and growth exceeded 8% year-on-year in real terms. However, India's economic growth in 2011 slowed because of persistently high inflation and interest rates and little progress on economic reforms. High international crude prices have exacerbated the government's fuel subsidy expenditures contributing to a higher fiscal deficit, and a worsening current account deficit. Little economic reform took place in 2011 largely due to corruption scandals that have slowed legislative work. India's medium-term growth outlook is positive due to a young population and corresponding low dependency ratio, healthy savings and investment rates, and increasing integration into the global economy. India has many long-term challenges that it has not yet fully addressed, including widespread poverty, inadequate physical and social infrastructure, limited non-agricultural employment opportunities, scarce access to quality basic and higher education, and accommodating rural-to-urban migration.
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$4.515 trillion (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 4
$4.21 trillion (2010 est.)
$3.806 trillion (2009 est.)
note:
data are in 2011 US dollars
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$1.676 trillion (2011 est.)
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7.2% (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 26
10.6% (2010 est.)
6.6% (2009 est.)
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$3,700 (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 165
$3,500 (2010 est.)
$3,200 (2009 est.)
note:
data are in 2011 US dollars
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agriculture: 17.2%
industry:
26.4%
services:
56.4% (2011 est.)
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487.6 million (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 2
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agriculture: 52%
industry:
14%
services:
34% (2009 est.)
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9.8% (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 109
10% (2010 est.)
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29.8% (2010 est.)
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lowest 10%: 3.6%
highest 10%:
31.1% (2005)
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36.8 (2004)
country comparison to the world: 79
37.8 (1997)
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32.8% of GDP (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 14
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revenues: $196.4 billion
expenditures:
$308.8 billion (2011 est.)
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11.7% of GDP (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 206
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-6.7% of GDP (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 181
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48.5% of GDP (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 60
51.4% of GDP (2010 est.)
note:
data cover central government debt, and exclude debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data exclude debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intra-governmental debt; intra-governmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions
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8.9% (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 186
12% (2010 est.)
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5.5% (31 December 2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 61
6% (31 December 2009 est.)
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10.17% (31 December 2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 94
10.167% (31 December 2010 est.)
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$305.7 billion (31 December 2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 16
$340.1 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
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$1.293 trillion (31 December 2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 15
$1.323 trillion (31 December 2010 est.)
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$1.452 trillion (31 December 2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 14
$1.25 trillion (31 December 2010 est.)
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$1.015 trillion (31 December 2011)
country comparison to the world: 9
$1.616 trillion (31 December 2010)
$1.179 trillion (31 December 2009)
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rice, wheat, oilseed, cotton, jute, tea, sugarcane, lentils, onions, potatoes; dairy products, sheep, goats, poultry; fish
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textiles, chemicals, food processing, steel, transportation equipment, cement, mining, petroleum, machinery, software, pharmaceuticals
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4.8% (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 69
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-$41.4 billion (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 184
-$57.73 billion (2010 est.)
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$299.4 billion (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 21
$225.3 billion (2010 est.)
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petroleum products, precious stones, machinery, iron and steel, chemicals, vehicles, apparel
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UAE 13%, US 11.4%, China 6.3%, Singapore 5.3% (2011)
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$461.4 billion (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 12
$357.5 billion (2010 est.)
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crude oil, precious stones, machinery, fertilizer, iron and steel, chemicals
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China 12.1%, UAE 8.3%, Saudi Arabia 5.8%, US 5.1%, Switzerland 4.7% (2011)
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$297.9 billion (31 December 2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 10
$297.7 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
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$289.7 billion (31 December 2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 30
$290.3 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
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$230 billion (31 December 2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 21
$198.4 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
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$109.9 billion (31 December 2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 26
$93.9 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
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Indian rupees (INR) per US dollar -
46.67 (2011 est.)
45.726 (2010 est.)
48.405 (2009)
43.319 (2008)
41.487 (2007)
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1 April - 31 March
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880 billion kWh (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 7
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637.6 billion kWh (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 7
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519 million kWh (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 62
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10.53 billion kWh (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 21
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189.3 million kW (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 6
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69.9% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 109
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2.2% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 29
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20.9% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 91
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7% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 29
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897,300 bbl/day (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 24
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0 bbl/day (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 130
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2.768 million bbl/day (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 5
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8.935 billion bbl (1 January 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 20
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3.226 million bbl/day (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 7
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3.292 million bbl/day (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 6
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812,100 bbl/day (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 9
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380,900 bbl/day (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 15
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46.1 billion cu m (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 20
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61.1 billion cu m (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 13
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0 cu m (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 88
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12.15 billion cu m (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 24
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1.154 trillion cu m (1 January 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 25
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1.696 billion Mt (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 4
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32.685 million (2011)
country comparison to the world: 10
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893.862 million (2011)
country comparison to the world: 2
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general assessment: supported by recent deregulation and liberalization of telecommunications laws and policies, India has emerged as one of the fastest growing telecom markets in the world; total telephone subscribership base exceeded 900 million in 2011, an overall teledensity of roughly 75%, and subscribership is currently growing more than 20 million per month; urban teledensity now exceeds 100% and rural teledensity is steadily growing
domestic:
mobile cellular service introduced in 1994 and organized nationwide into four metropolitan areas and 19 telecom circles each with multiple private service providers and one or more state-owned service providers; in recent years significant trunk capacity added in the form of fiber-optic cable and one of the world's largest domestic satellite systems, the Indian National Satellite system (INSAT), with 6 satellites supporting 33,000 very small aperture terminals (VSAT)
international:
country code - 91; a number of major international submarine cable systems, including Sea-Me-We-3 with landing sites at Cochin and Mumbai (Bombay), Sea-Me-We-4 with a landing site at Chennai, Fiber-Optic Link Around the Globe (FLAG) with a landing site at Mumbai (Bombay), South Africa - Far East (SAFE) with a landing site at Cochin, the i2i cable network linking to Singapore with landing sites at Mumbai (Bombay) and Chennai (Madras), and Tata Indicom linking Singapore and Chennai (Madras), provide a significant increase in the bandwidth available for both voice and data traffic; satellite earth stations - 8 Intelsat (Indian Ocean) and 1 Inmarsat (Indian Ocean region); 9 gateway exchanges operating from Mumbai (Bombay), New Delhi, Kolkata (Calcutta), Chennai (Madras), Jalandhar, Kanpur, Gandhinagar, Hyderabad, and Ernakulam
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Doordarshan, India's public TV network, operates about 20 national, regional, and local services; a large and increasing number of privately-owned TV stations are distributed by cable and satellite service providers; by 2011, more than 100 million homes had access to cable and satellite TV offering more than 700 TV channels; government controls AM radio with All India Radio operating domestic and external networks; news broadcasts via radio are limited to the All India Radio Network; since 2000, privately-owned FM stations have been permitted and their numbers have increased rapidly (2007)
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.in
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6.738 million (2010)
country comparison to the world: 16
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61.338 million (2009)
country comparison to the world: 6
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352 (2012)
country comparison to the world: 22
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total: 251
over 3,047 m:
21
2,438 to 3,047 m:
59
1,524 to 2,437 m:
74
914 to 1,523 m:
83
under 914 m:
14 (2012)
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total: 101
over 3,047 m:
1
2,438 to 3,047 m:
4
1,524 to 2,437 m:
6
914 to 1,523 m:
42
under 914 m:
48 (2012)
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41 (2012)
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condensate/gas 2 km; gas 9,596 km; liquid petroleum gas 2,152 km; oil 7,448 km; refined products 10,486 km (2010)
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total: 63,974 km
country comparison to the world: 4
broad gauge:
54,257 km 1.676-m gauge (18,927 km electrified)
narrow gauge:
7,180 km 1.000-m gauge; 2,537 km 0.762-m gauge and 0.610-m gauge (2009)
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total: 3,320,410 km (includes 200 km of expressways) (2009)
country comparison to the world: 3
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14,500 km (5,200 km on major rivers and 485 km on canals suitable for mechanized vessels) (2012)
country comparison to the world: 9
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total: 340
country comparison to the world: 29
by type:
bulk carrier 104, cargo 78, chemical tanker 22, container 14, liquefied gas 11, passenger 4, passenger/cargo 15, petroleum tanker 92
foreign-owned:
10 (China 1, Hong Kong 2, Jersey 2, Malaysia 1, UAE 4)
registered in other countries:
76 (Cyprus 4, Dominica 2, Liberia 8, Malta 3, Marshall Islands 10, Nigeria 1, Panama 24, Saint Kitts and Nevis 2, Singapore 21, unknown 1) (2010)
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Chennai, Jawaharal Nehru Port, Kandla, Kolkata (Calcutta), Mumbai (Bombay), Sikka, Vishakhapatnam
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Shipyards: 13
Ships Built:
33 (2009)
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Army, Navy (includes naval air arm), Air Force, Coast Guard (2011)
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18 years of age for voluntary military service; no conscription; women may join as officers, but for noncombat roles only (2011)
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males age 16-49: 319,129,420
females age 16-49:
296,071,637 (2010 est.)
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males age 16-49: 249,531,562
females age 16-49:
240,039,958 (2010 est.)
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male: 12,151,065
female:
10,745,891 (2010 est.)
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2.5% of GDP (2006)
country comparison to the world: 61
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| Transnational Issues ::India |
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since China and India launched a security and foreign policy dialogue in 2005, consolidated discussions related to the dispute over most of their rugged, militarized boundary, regional nuclear proliferation, Indian claims that China transferred missiles to Pakistan, and other matters continue; Kashmir remains the site of the world's largest and most militarized territorial dispute with portions under the de facto administration of China (Aksai Chin), India (Jammu and Kashmir), and Pakistan (Azad Kashmir and Northern Areas); India and Pakistan resumed bilateral dialogue in February 2011 after a two-year hiatus, have maintained the 2003 cease-fire in Kashmir, and continue to have disputes over water sharing of the Indus River and its tributaries; UN Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan has maintained a small group of peacekeepers since 1949; India does not recognize Pakistan's ceding historic Kashmir lands to China in 1964; to defuse tensions and prepare for discussions on a maritime boundary, India and Pakistan seek technical resolution of the disputed boundary in Sir Creek estuary at the mouth of the Rann of Kutch in the Arabian Sea; Pakistani maps continue to show its Junagadh claim in Indian Gujarat State; Prime Minister Singh's September 2011 visit to Bangladesh resulted in the signing of a Protocol to the 1974 Land Boundary Agreement between India and Bangladesh, which had called for the settlement of longstanding boundary disputes over undemarcated areas and the exchange of territorial enclaves, but which had never been implemented; Bangladesh referred its maritime boundary claims with Burma and India to the International Tribunal on the Law of the Sea; Joint Border Committee with Nepal continues to examine contested boundary sections, including the 400 square kilometer dispute over the source of the Kalapani River; India maintains a strict border regime to keep out Maoist insurgents and control illegal cross-border activities from Nepal
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refugees (country of origin): 100,003 (Tibet/China); 69,998 (Sri Lanka); 9,094 (Afghanistan)
IDPs:
at least 506,000 (about half are Kashmiri Pandits from Jammu and Kashmir) (2012)
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world's largest producer of licit opium for the pharmaceutical trade, but an undetermined quantity of opium is diverted to illicit international drug markets; transit point for illicit narcotics produced in neighboring countries and throughout Southwest Asia; illicit producer of methaqualone; vulnerable to narcotics money laundering through the hawala system; licit ketamine and precursor production
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