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| page last updated on October 16, 2012 |
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(CONTAINS DESCRIPTION)
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| Introduction ::Mauritania |
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Independent from France in 1960, Mauritania annexed the southern third of the former Spanish Sahara (now Western Sahara) in 1976 but relinquished it after three years of raids by the Polisario guerrilla front seeking independence for the territory. Maaouya Ould Sid Ahmed TAYA seized power in a coup in 1984 and ruled Mauritania with a heavy hand for more than two decades. A series of presidential elections that he held were widely seen as flawed. A bloodless coup in August 2005 deposed President TAYA and ushered in a military council that oversaw a transition to democratic rule. Independent candidate Sidi Ould Cheikh ABDALLAHI was inaugurated in April 2007 as Mauritania's first freely and fairly elected president. His term ended prematurely in August 2008 when a military junta led by General Mohamed Ould Abdel AZIZ deposed him and ushered in a military council government. AZIZ was subsequently elected president in July 2009 and sworn in the following month. The country continues to experience ethnic tensions among its black population (Afro-Mauritanians) and white and black Moor (Arab-Berber) communities, and is having to confront a growing terrorism threat by al-Qa'ida in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM).
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Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, between Senegal and Western Sahara
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20 00 N, 12 00 W
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total: 1,030,700 sq km
country comparison to the world: 29
land:
1,030,700 sq km
water:
0 sq km
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slightly larger than three times the size of New Mexico
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total: 5,074 km
border countries:
Algeria 463 km, Mali 2,237 km, Senegal 813 km, Western Sahara 1,561 km
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754 km
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territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone:
24 nm
exclusive economic zone:
200 nm
continental shelf:
200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin
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desert; constantly hot, dry, dusty
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mostly barren, flat plains of the Sahara; some central hills
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lowest point: Sebkhet Te-n-Dghamcha -5 m
highest point:
Kediet Ijill 915 m
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iron ore, gypsum, copper, phosphate, diamonds, gold, oil, fish
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arable land: 0.2%
permanent crops:
0.01%
other:
99.79% (2005)
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450 sq km (2002)
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11.4 cu km (1997)
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total: 1.7 cu km/yr (9%/3%/88%)
per capita:
554 cu m/yr (2000)
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hot, dry, dust/sand-laden sirocco wind blows primarily in March and April; periodic droughts
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overgrazing, deforestation, and soil erosion aggravated by drought are contributing to desertification; limited natural freshwater resources away from the Senegal, which is the only perennial river; locust infestation
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party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified:
none of the selected agreements
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most of the population is concentrated in the cities of Nouakchott and Nouadhibou and along the Senegal River in the southern part of the country
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noun: Mauritanian(s)
adjective:
Mauritanian
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mixed Moor/black 40%, Moor 30%, black 30%
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Arabic (official and national), Pulaar, Soninke, Wolof (all national languages), French, Hassaniya
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Muslim (official) 100%
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3,359,185 (July 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 133
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0-14 years: 40.1% (male 675,946/ female 670,794)
15-64 years:
56.4% (male 891,783/ female 1,003,177)
65 years and over:
3.5% (male 49,847/ female 67,638) (2012 est.)
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total: 19.6 years
male:
18.8 years
female:
20.6 years (2012 est.)
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2.323% (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 35
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32.78 births/1,000 population (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 32
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8.66 deaths/1,000 population (July 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 79
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-0.89 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 150
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urban population: 41% of total population (2010)
rate of urbanization:
2.9% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)
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NOUAKCHOTT (capital) 709,000 (2009)
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at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years:
1.01 male(s)/female
15-64 years:
0.89 male(s)/female
65 years and over:
0.74 male(s)/female
total population:
0.93 male(s)/female (2011 est.)
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510 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)
country comparison to the world: 18
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total: 58.93 deaths/1,000 live births
country comparison to the world: 34
male:
64.02 deaths/1,000 live births
female:
53.7 deaths/1,000 live births (2012 est.)
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total population: 61.53 years
country comparison to the world: 186
male:
59.3 years
female:
63.82 years (2012 est.)
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4.22 children born/woman (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 36
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5.7% of GDP (2009)
country comparison to the world: 120
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0.13 physicians/1,000 population (2009)
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0.4 beds/1,000 population (2006)
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0.7% (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 60
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14,000 (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 87
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fewer than 1,000 (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 75
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degree of risk: high
food or waterborne diseases:
bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases:
malaria and Rift Valley fever
respiratory disease:
meningococcal meningitis
animal contact disease:
rabies (2009)
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16.7% (2008)
country comparison to the world: 46
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4.4% of GDP (2008)
country comparison to the world: 87
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definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population:
58%
male:
64.9%
female:
51.2% (2010 est.)
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total: 8 years
male:
8 years
female:
8 years (2007)
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conventional long form: Islamic Republic of Mauritania
conventional short form:
Mauritania
local long form:
Al Jumhuriyah al Islamiyah al Muritaniyah
local short form:
Muritaniyah
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military junta
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name: Nouakchott
geographic coordinates:
18 04 N, 15 58 W
time difference:
UTC 0 (5 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)
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13 regions (wilayas, singular - wilaya); Adrar, Assaba, Brakna, Dakhlet Nouadhibou, Gorgol, Guidimaka, Hodh ech Chargui, Hodh el Gharbi, Inchiri, Nouakchott, Tagant, Tiris Zemmour, Trarza
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28 November 1960 (from France)
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Independence Day, 28 November (1960)
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12 July 1991
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mixed legal system of Islamic and French civil law
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has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt
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18 years of age; universal
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chief of state: President Mohamed Ould Abdel AZIZ (since 5 August 2009); note - AZIZ, who deposed democratically elected President Sidi Ould Cheikh ABDELLAHI in a coup and installed himself as President of the High State Council on 6 August 2008, retired from the military and stepped down from the presidency in April 2009 to run for president; he was elected president in an election held on 18 July 2009
head of government:
Prime Minister Moulaye Ould Mohamed LAGHDAF (since 14 August 2008)
cabinet:
Council of Ministers
(For more information visit the World Leaders website )
elections:
president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; election last held on 18 July 2009 (next to be held by 2014)
election results:
percent of vote - Mohamed Ould Abdel AZIZ 52.6%, Messaoud Ould BOULKHEIR 16.3%, Ahmed Ould DADDAH 13.7%, other 17.4%
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bicameral legislature consists of the Senate or Majlis al-Shuyukh (56 seats; 53 members elected by municipal leaders and 3 members elected for Mauritanians abroad to serve six-year terms; a portion of seats up for election every two years) and the National Assembly or Al Jamiya Al Wataniya (95 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)
elections:
Senate - last held in November 2009; National Assembly - last held on 19 November and 3 December 2006 (election scheduled for 16 October 2011 postponed, now scheduled for 31 March 2012)
election results:
Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - CPM (Coalition of Majority Parties) 45, COD 7, RNRD-TAWASSOUL 4; National Assembly - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - CPM 63 (UPR 50, PRDR 7, UDP 3, HATEM-PMUC 2, RD 1), COD 27 (RFD 9, UFP 6, APP 6, PNDD-ADIL 6), RNRD-TAWASSOUL 4, FP 1
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Supreme Court or Cour Supreme; Court of Appeals; lower courts
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Alternative or El-Badil [Mohamed Yahdhi Ould MOCTAR HACEN]; Coalition of Majority Parties or CPM (parties supporting the regime including PRDR, UPR, RD, HATEM-PMUC, UCD); Coordination of Democratic Opposition or COD (coalition of opposition political parties opposed to the government including APP, RFD, UFP, PNDD-ADIL, Alternative or El-Badil); Democratic Renewal or RD [Moustapha Ould ABDEIDARRAHMANE]; Mauritanian Party for Unity and Change or HATEM-PMUC [Saleh Ould HANENA]; National Pact for Democracy and Development or PNDD-ADIL [Yahya Ould Ahmed El WAGHEF] (independents formerly supporting President Abdellahi); National Rally for Freedom, Democracy and Equality or RNDLE; National Rally for Reform and Development or RNRD-TAWASSOUL [Mohamed Jamil MANSOUR] (moderate Islamists); Popular Front or FP [Ch'bih Ould CHEIKH MALAININE]; Popular Progressive Alliance or APP [Messoud Ould BOULKHEIR]; Rally of Democratic Forces or RFD [Ahmed Ould DADDAH]; Republican Party for Democracy and Renewal or PRDR [Mintata Mint HDEID]; Socialist and Democratic Unity Party or PUDS; Union for Democracy and Progress or UDP [Naha Mint MOUKNASS]; Union for the Republic or UPR; Union of Democratic Center or UCD [Cheikh Sid'Ahmed Ould BABA]; Union of the Forces for Progress or UFP [Mohamed Ould MAOULOUD];
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General Confederation of Mauritanian Workers or CGTM [Abdallahi Ould MOHAMED, secretary general]; Independent Confederation of Mauritanian Workers or CLTM [Samory Ould BEYE]; Mauritanian Workers Union or UTM [Mohamed Ely Ould BRAHIM, secretary general]
other:
Arab nationalists; Ba'thists; Islamists
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ABEDA, ACP, AfDB, AFESD, AMF, AMU, AU, CAEU, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, ITUC, LAS, MIGA, NAM, OIC, OIF, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
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chief of mission: Ambassador Mohamed Lemine El HAYCEN
chancery:
2129 Leroy Place NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone:
[1] (202) 232-5700 through 5701
FAX:
[1] (202) 319-2623
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chief of mission: Ambassador Jo Ellen POWELL
embassy:
288 Rue Abdallaye, Rue 42-100 (between Presidency building and Spanish Embassy), Nouakchott
mailing address:
BP 222, Nouakchott
telephone:
[222] 525-2660 through 2663
FAX:
[222] 525-1592
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green with a yellow five-pointed star above a yellow, horizontal crescent; the closed side of the crescent is down; the crescent, star, and color green are traditional symbols of Islam; the gold color stands for the sands of the Sahara
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star and crescent
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name: "Hymne National de la Republique Islamique de Mauritanie" (National Anthem of the Islamic Republic of Mauritania)
lyrics/music:
Baba Ould CHEIKH/traditional, arranged by Tolia NIKIPROWETZKY
note:
adopted 1960; the unique rhythm of the Mauritanian anthem makes it particularly challenging to sing
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Half the population still depends on agriculture and livestock for a livelihood, even though many of the nomads and subsistence farmers were forced into the cities by recurrent droughts in the 1970s and 1980s. Mauritania has extensive deposits of iron ore, which account for nearly 40% of total exports. The nation's coastal waters are among the richest fishing areas in the world but overexploitation by foreigners threatens this key source of revenue. The country''s first deepwater port opened near Nouakchott in 1986. Before 2000, drought and economic mismanagement resulted in a buildup of foreign debt. In February 2000, Mauritania qualified for debt relief under the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) initiative and nearly all of its foreign debt has since been forgiven. A new investment code approved in December 2001 improved the opportunities for direct foreign investment. Mauritania and the IMF agreed to a three-year Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility (PRGF) arrangement in 2006. Mauritania made satisfactory progress, but the IMF, World Bank, and other international actors suspended assistance and investment in Mauritania after the August 2008 coup. Since the presidential election in July 2009, donors have resumed assistance. Oil prospects, while initially promising, have largely failed to materialize, and the government has placed a priority on attracting private investment to spur economic growth. The Government also emphasizes reduction of poverty, improvement of health and education, and privatization of the economy. Economic growth remained above 5% in 2010-11, mostly because of rising prices of gold, copper, iron ore, and oil.
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$7.184 billion (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 155
$6.932 billion (2010 est.)
$6.597 billion (2009 est.)
note:
data are in 2011 US dollars
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$4.2 billion (2011 est.)
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3.6% (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 106
5.1% (2010 est.)
-1.2% (2009 est.)
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$2,200 (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 189
$2,200 (2010 est.)
$2,100 (2009 est.)
note:
data are in 2011 US dollars
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agriculture: 17.8%
industry:
37.6%
services:
44.7% (2011 est.)
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1.318 million (2007)
country comparison to the world: 133
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agriculture: 50%
industry:
10%
services:
40% (2001 est.)
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30% (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 180
20% (2004 est.)
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40% (2004 est.)
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lowest 10%: 2.5%
highest 10%:
29.5% (2000)
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39 (2000)
country comparison to the world: 69
37.3 (1995)
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revenues: $1.37 billion
expenditures:
$1.423 billion (2011 est.)
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32.6% of GDP (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 78
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-1.3% of GDP (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 67
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7.5% (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 161
6.3% (2010 est.)
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9% (31 December 2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 18
12% (31 December 2007)
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17% (31 December 2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 30
17% (31 December 2010 est.)
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$2.148 billion (31 December 2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 134
$1.718 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
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$NA
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dates, millet, sorghum, rice, corn; cattle, sheep
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fish processing, oil production, mining (iron ore, gold, and copper)
note:
gypsum deposits have never been exploited
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2% (2000 est.)
country comparison to the world: 121
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-$549.4 million (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 108
-$471.4 million (2010 est.)
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$2.799 billion (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 125
$2.041 billion (2010 est.)
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iron ore, fish and fish products, gold, copper, petroleum
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China 46.6%, Italy 8.8%, France 8.1%, Cote dIvoire 5.1%, Spain 4.6%, Japan 4.5%, Belgium 4.3%, Netherlands 4% (2011)
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$2.854 billion (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 148
$2.038 billion (2010 est.)
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machinery and equipment, petroleum products, capital goods, foodstuffs, consumer goods
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China 12.6%, Netherlands 9.1%, France 8.8%, US 7.9%, Spain 5.9%, Germany 5.5%, Brazil 5.2%, Belgium 4.4% (2011)
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$2.816 billion (31 December 2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 135
$2.351 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
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ouguiyas (MRO) per US dollar -
281.12 (2011 est.)
275.89 (2010 est.)
262.4 (2009)
238.2 (2008)
258.6 (2007)
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calendar year
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474 million kWh (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 162
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440.8 million kWh (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 169
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0 kWh (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 103
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0 kWh (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 215
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253,000 kW (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 151
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61.7% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 137
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0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 141
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38.3% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 56
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0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 160
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7,738 bbl/day (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 82
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10,000 bbl/day (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 56
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0 bbl/day (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 97
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20 million bbl (1 January 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 85
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0 bbl/day (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 177
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18,120 bbl/day (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 135
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0 bbl/day (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 204
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12,870 bbl/day (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 126
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0 cu m (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 168
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0 cu m (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 174
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0 cu m (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 119
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0 cu m (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 100
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28.32 billion cu m (1 January 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 71
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2.89 million Mt (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 142
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| Communications ::Mauritania |
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72,300 (2011)
country comparison to the world: 156
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3.283 million (2011)
country comparison to the world: 122
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general assessment: limited system of cable and open-wire lines, minor microwave radio relay links, and radiotelephone communications stations; mobile-cellular services expanding rapidly
domestic:
Mauritel, the national telecommunications company, was privatized in 2001 but remains the monopoly provider of fixed-line services; fixed-line teledensity 2 per 100 persons; mobile-cellular network coverage extends mainly to urban areas with a teledensity of roughly 100 per 100 persons; mostly cable and open-wire lines; a domestic satellite telecommunications system links Nouakchott with regional capitals
international:
country code - 222; satellite earth stations - 3 (1 Intelsat - Atlantic Ocean, 2 Arabsat); fiber-optic and Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) cables for Internet access
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broadcast media state-owned; 1 state-run TV and 1 state-run radio network; Television de Mauritanie, the state-run TV station, has an additional 6 regional TV stations that provide local programming (2008)
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.mr
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28 (2010)
country comparison to the world: 217
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75,000 (2009)
country comparison to the world: 170
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| Transportation ::Mauritania |
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28 (2012)
country comparison to the world: 121
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total: 10
2,438 to 3,047 m:
5
1,524 to 2,437 m:
5 (2012)
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total: 18
2,438 to 3,047 m:
1
1,524 to 2,437 m:
7
914 to 1,523 m:
8
under 914 m:
2 (2012)
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728 km
standard gauge:
728 km 1.435-m gauge (2008)
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total: 11,066 km
country comparison to the world: 133
paved:
2,966 km
unpaved:
8,100 km (2006)
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(some is navigation possible on the Senegal River) (2011)
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Nouadhibou, Nouakchott
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Mauritanian Armed Forces: Army, Mauritanian Navy (Marine Mauritanienne; includes naval infantry), Islamic Air Force of Mauritania (Force Aerienne Islamique de Mauritanie, FAIM) (2010)
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18 years of age for obligatory conscription of all males; conscript service obligation - 2 years; majority of servicemen believed to be volunteers; service in Air Force and Navy is voluntary (2006)
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males age 16-49: 718,713
females age 16-49:
804,622 (2010 est.)
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males age 16-49: 480,042
females age 16-49:
581,473 (2010 est.)
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male: 36,116
female:
36,826 (2010 est.)
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5.5% of GDP (2006)
country comparison to the world: 12
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| Transnational Issues ::Mauritania |
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Mauritanian claims to Western Sahara remain dormant
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refugees (country of origin): 48,000 (Mali); 26,000 (Western Saharan Sahrawi) (2012)
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current situation: Mauritania is a source and destination country for men, women, and children subjected to conditions of forced labor and sex trafficking; women, men, and children from traditional slave castes are subjected to slavery-related practices rooted in ancestral master-slave relationships; Mauritanian boys called talibe are trafficked within the country by religious teachers for forced begging; Mauritanian girls, as well as girls from Mali, Senegal, The Gambia, and other West African countries, are forced into domestic servitude; Mauritanian women and girls are forced into prostitution in the country or transported to countries in the Middle East for the same purpose
tier rating:
Tier 3 - the Government of Mauritania does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking and is not making significant efforts to do so; the government acknowledges that some forms of trafficking are a problem in the country, and during the year, it created a multi-stakeholder body to lead its efforts related to child trafficking, child smuggling, and child labor; hereditary slavery was officially outlawed in 2007, but many officials do not recognize that the practice continues despite its prohibition; the government did not take proactive measures to identify trafficking victims or provide them with protective services, and it continued to jail individuals in prostitution and detain illegal migrants without screening either population for trafficking victims (2009)
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