Fiji became independent in 1970 after nearly a century as a British colony. Democratic rule was interrupted by two military coups in 1987 caused by concern over a government perceived as dominated by the Indian community (descendants of contract laborers brought to the islands by the British in the 19th century). The coups and a 1990 constitution that cemented native Melanesian control of Fiji led to heavy Indian emigration; the population loss resulted in economic difficulties, but ensured that Melanesians became the majority. A new constitution enacted in 1997 was more equitable. Free and peaceful elections in 1999 resulted in a government led by an Indo-Fijian, but a civilian-led coup in May 2000 ushered in a prolonged period of political turmoil. Parliamentary elections held in August 2001 provided Fiji with a democratically elected government led by Prime Minister Laisenia QARASE. Re-elected in May 2006, QARASE was ousted in a December 2006 military coup led by Commodore Voreqe BAINIMARAMA, who initially appointed himself acting president but in January 2007 became interim prime minister. Since taking power BAINIMARAMA has neutralized his opponents, crippled Fiji's democratic institutions, and refused to hold elections.

Oceania, island group in the South Pacific Ocean, about two-thirds of the way from Hawaii to New Zealand

slightly smaller than New Jersey

measured from claimed archipelagic straight baselines

tropical marine; only slight seasonal temperature variation

mostly mountains of volcanic origin

timber, fish, gold, copper, offshore oil potential, hydropower

cyclonic storms can occur from November to January

deforestation; soil erosion

includes 332 islands; approximately 110 are inhabited

Fijian 57.3% (predominantly Melanesian with a Polynesian admixture), Indian 37.6%, Rotuman 1.2%, other 3.9% (European, other Pacific Islanders, Chinese) (2007 census)

English (official), Fijian (official), Hindustani

Protestant 55.4% (Methodist 34.6%, Assembly of God 5.7%, Seventh-Day Adventist 3.9%, Anglican 0.8%, other 10.4%), Hindu 27.9%, Roman Catholic 9.1%, Muslim 6.3%, Sikh 0.3%, other or unspecified 0.3%, none 0.7% (2007 census)

890,057 (July 2012 est.)

20.7 births/1,000 population (2012 est.)

5.93 deaths/1,000 population (July 2012 est.)

-7.11 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2012 est.)

SUVA (capital) 174,000 (2009)

26 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)

2.58 children born/woman (2012 est.)

0.453 physicians/1,000 population (2003)

2.08 beds/1,000 population (2008)

fewer than 1,000 (2009 est.)

fewer than 100 (2009 est.)

4 divisions and 1 dependency*; Central, Eastern, Northern, Rotuma*, Western

10 October 1970 (from the UK)

Independence Day, second Monday of October (1970)

enacted 25 July 1997; effective 28 July 1998; note - constitution encourages multiculturalism and makes multiparty government mandatory

common law system based on the English model

has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

21 years of age; universal

bicameral Parliament consists of the Senate (32 seats; 14 members appointed by the president on the advice of the Great Council of Chiefs, 9 appointed by the president on the advice of the Prime Minister, 8 on the advice of the opposition leader, and 1 appointed on the advice of the council of Rotuma) and the House of Representatives (71 seats; 23 members reserved for ethnic Fijians, 19 reserved for ethnic Indians, 3 reserved for other ethnic groups, 1 reserved for the council of Rotuma constituency encompassing the whole of Fiji, and 25 open seats; members serve five-year terms)

Supreme Court (judges are appointed by the president); Court of Appeal; High Court; Magistrates' Courts

Dodonu Ni Taukei Party or DNT [Fereti S. DEWA]; Fiji Democratic Party or FDP [Filipe BOLE] (a merger of the Christian Democrat Alliance or VLV [Poesci Waqalevu BUNE], Fijian Association Party or FAP, Fijian Political Party or SVT [Sitiveni RABUKA] (primarily Fijian), and New Labor Unity Party or NLUP [Ofa SWANN]); Fiji Labor Party or FLP [Mahendra CHAUDHRY]; General Voters Party or GVP (became part of United General Party); Girmit Heritage Party or GHP; Justice and Freedom Party or AIM; Lio 'On Famor Rotuma Party or LFR; National Federation Party or NFP [Pramond RAE] (primarily Indian); Nationalist Vanua Takolavo Party or NVTLP [Saula TELAWA]; Party of National Unity or PANU [Ponipate LESAVUA]; Party of the Truth or POTT; United Fiji Party/Sogosogo Duavata ni Lewenivanua or SDL [Laisenia QARASE]; United Peoples Party or UPP [Millis Mick BEDDOES]

Group Against Racial Discrimination or GARD [Dr. Anirudk SINGH] (for restoration of a democratic government); Viti Landowners Association

ACP, ADB, AOSIS, C (suspended), CP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, NAM, OPCW, PCA, PIF, Sparteca (suspended), SPC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMISS, UNMIT, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

light blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the Fijian shield centered on the outer half of the flag; the blue symbolizes the Pacific ocean and the Union Jack reflects the links with Great Britain; the shield - taken from Fiji's coat of arms - depicts a yellow lion above a white field quartered by the cross of Saint George; the four quarters depict stalks of sugarcane, a palm tree, bananas, and a white dove

Fiji, endowed with forest, mineral, and fish resources, is one of the most developed of the Pacific island economies though still with a large subsistence sector. Sugar exports, remittances from Fijians working abroad, and a growing tourist industry - with 400,000 to 500,000 tourists annually - are the major sources of foreign exchange. Fiji's sugar has special access to European Union markets but will be harmed by the EU's decision to cut sugar subsidies. Sugar processing makes up one-third of industrial activity but is not efficient. Fiji's tourism industry was damaged by the December 2006 coup and is facing an uncertain recovery time. In 2007 tourist arrivals were down almost 6%, with substantial job losses in the service sector, and GDP dipped. The coup has created a difficult business climate. The EU has suspended all aid until the interim government takes steps toward new elections. Long-term problems include low investment, uncertain land ownership rights, and the government's inability to manage its budget. Overseas remittances from Fijians working in Kuwait and Iraq have decreased significantly. Fiji's current account deficit peaked at 23% of GDP in 2006, and has been improving since that year.

$4.186 billion (2011 est.)

$4.106 billion (2010 est.)

$4.112 billion (2009 est.)

$3.546 billion (2011 est.)

26.7% of GDP (2011 est.)

-3.1% of GDP (2011 est.)

1.75% (31 December 2010 est.)

3% (31 December 2009 est.)

7.47% (31 December 2011 est.)

7.5% (31 December 2010 est.)

$1.099 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

$780.3 million (31 December 2010 est.)

$2.495 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

$1.89 billion (31 December 2010 est.)

$1.758 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

$1.783 billion (31 December 2010 est.)

$1.372 billion (31 December 2011)

$1.404 billion (31 December 2010)

$1.607 billion (31 December 2009)

sugarcane, coconuts, cassava (manioc), rice, sweet potatoes, bananas; cattle, pigs, horses, goats; fish

tourism, sugar, clothing, copra, gold, silver, lumber, small cottage industries

-$428.8 million (2011 est.)

-$416 million (2010 est.)

$901.5 million (2011 est.)

$819.5 million (2010 est.)

sugar, garments, gold, timber, fish, molasses, coconut oil

Australia 14.3%, US 11%, Japan 6.3%, UK 5.9%, Samoa 5.8%, Tonga 5.1% (2011)

$1.762 billion (2011 est.)

manufactured goods, machinery and transport equipment, petroleum products, food, chemicals

Singapore 34.1%, Australia 16.3%, NZ 14.1%, China 8.9% (2011)

$833.5 million (31 December 2011 est.)

$258.7 million (31 December 2011 est.)

Fijian dollars (FJD) per US dollar -

869.1 million kWh (2010 est.)

753.4 million kWh (2009 est.)

219,100 kW (2009 est.)

54.8% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)

0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)

38.8% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)

6.4% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)

0 bbl/day (2011 est.)

0 bbl/day (2009 est.)

0 bbl (1 January 2012 est.)

0 bbl/day (2008 est.)

17,810 bbl/day (2011 est.)

1,739 bbl/day (2008 est.)

16,110 bbl/day (2008 est.)

0 cu m (1 January 2012 est.)

2.5 million Mt (2010 est.)

Fiji TV, a publicly-traded company, operates a free-to-air channel as well as Sky Fiji and Sky Pacific multi-channel pay-TV services; state-owned commercial company, Fiji Broadcasting Corporation, Ltd, operates 6 radio stations - 2 public broadcasters and 4 commercial broadcasters with multiple repeaters; 5 radio stations with repeaters operated by Communications Fiji, Ltd; transmissions of multiple international broadcasters are available (2009)

203 km (122 km are navigable by motorized craft and 200-metric-ton barges) (2012)

Lautoka, Levuka, Suva

Republic of Fiji Military Forces (RFMF): Land Forces, Naval Forces (2011)

18 years of age for voluntary military service (2010)